This page provides APA information and examples for students and staff of the University of Waikato. It is designed to accompany (not replace) the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010), which is available in the Library.
Citations in Text
To cite works of others, APA style uses an author-date citation method. Citations in text are acknowledged with (Author, Date) or Author (Date).
Direct quotation
Use quotation marks and include page numbers.
Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that "language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (p. 188) or
"Language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p. 188).
A long quotation
A quotation of 40 or more words should be formatted as a freestanding, indented block of text without quotation marks. Note the location of the final full stop.
Weston (1948) argues that: One of the most important phases of our special guests was to get information that would throw light on degeneration of the facial pattern that occurs so often in our modern civilization. This has its expression in the narrowing and lengthening of the face and the development of crooked teeth. (p. 174) A quotation with no page numbers
If you quote from online material and there are no page numbers (e.g. HTML based document), use the paragraph number (para.) instead.
"Prevalence rates of antenatal major and minor depression have been estimated in community-based studies to range from 7% to 15% of all pregnancies" (Grote, Swartz, Geibel&Zuckoff, 2009, para. 2).
Indirect Quotation / Paraphrasing
Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although authors are encouraged to include them, especially when it assists the reader to locate the reference in long pieces of text (Publication Manual, p. 171).
Giving meaning to specific symbols such as sounds and marks is considered to be the origin of written language (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p. 188).
A citation from a secondary source
When you find a quote (e.g. Arnett) within a work that you have read (e.g. Claiborne &Drewery) and you wish to refer to the original quote (Arnett), this is called citing from a secondary source.
In text citation
Arnett (2000, as cited in Claiborne &Drewery, 2010) suggests there is an emerging adult stage in the lifespan of humans, covering young people between the ages of 18 and 25 years.
In reference list
List Claiborne &Drewery in your reference list, not Arnett.
Claiborne, L., &Drewery, W. (2010). Human development: Family, place, culture. North Ryde, Australia: McGraw-Hill.
A citation from a secondary source in an edited book
Edited books are put together by editors and usually have chapters written by different authors. The authors of these chapters may quote or paraphrase other authors. If you quote or paraphrase these other authors, you must acknowledge everyone - the author(s) of the quote, the author(s) of the chapter in the edited book and the editor(s) of the edited book.
In text citation
As Wearmouth and Connors (2004) state, "schooling plays a critical part in shaping a student's sense of 'self', that is, in his or her belief in his or her ability, responsibility and skill in initiating and completing actions and tasks" (as cited in Glynn & Berryman, 2005, p. 298).
In reference list
Glynn, T. & Berryman, M. (2005).Understanding and responding to students' behaviour difficulties. In D. Fraser, R. Moltzen, & K. Ryba (Eds.), Learners with special needs in Aotearoa New Zealand (3rd ed., pp.294-315). Palmerston North, New Zealand: Dunmore Press.
At the end of your assignment, you are required to provide the full bibliographic information for each source cited in text. References must be listed in alphabetical order by author, and then chronologically.
Exception: When citing from a secondary source, list only the secondary source in which you found the original information, and do not list the primary source in the reference list.
Each reference type (e.g. Book, Journal) has a standardised format. See also Formatting elements section for detailed information on how to format authors/date/title/publication information.
Book and book chapter
Each reference should include four elements: (1) Author/Editor/Producer (2) Date (3) Title of the work and (4) Publication Information. Author, A., & Author, B. (Year).Title of the work. Place name: Publisher.
Electronic books
If the item is available online, a retrieval statement or DOI is required after (3) Title. Exclude (4) Publication Information. Author, A., & Author, B. (Year).Title of the work. Retrieved from http://... Author, A., & Author, B. (Year).Title of the work. http://dx.doi.org/xx-xxxxxxx
A chapter in a book
When a book consists of many chapters written by different authors, reference each chapter you used.
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Chapter title. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book (pp.xx-xx). Place name: Publisher.
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Chapter title. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book (pp.xx-xx). Retrieved from http://...
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Chapter title. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book (pp.xx-xx). http://dx.doi.org/xx-xxxxxxx
Periodicals
Items published on a regular basis, such as journals, magazines and newspapers, are known as serials or periodicals. Include the same elements as for a book, but exclude the publication information and add the volume, issue and page number(s) instead.
Each reference should include the following elements: (1) Author (2) Date (3) Title of article (4) Title of Periodical (5) Volume, Issue and Page numbers.
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Article title. Title of Periodical, x(x), pp-pp
A journal article available online
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Article title. Title of Periodical, x(x), pp-pp. http://dx.doi.org/xxx-xxxxx
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Article title. Title of Periodical, x(x), pp-pp. Retrieved from http://...
Online documents / Webpages
Include the same elements as for a book, but exclude the publication information and add a retrieval statement in its place: (1) Author (2) Date (3) Title (4) Retrieval statement. Include a retrieval date if the source material is likely to change over time (Publication Manual, p. 192).
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year).Title of the webpage. Retrieved from http://...
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year).Title of the webpage. Retrieved from ...website: http://...
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year, Month Day).Title of the webpage [Description of form]. Retrieved Year, Month Day from http://...
Each element (e.g. Author[s], Date, Title, Publication information) has a standardised format including punctuation and presentation style (e.g. capital letters and italics etc.).
Author(s)
In text citation
Acknowledge a citation with author's last name and publication year.
On the other hand, much has been already discussed ... (Brown, 2003; Cunningham, 2001; Stewart, 1995, 1999, 2004).
In the literature reviewed, A . B. Smith (2003) and C. Smith (2010) ...
In reference list
Invert the author(s) name(s), and use initial(s) of first name(s). Use the ampersand (&) between the last two authors' names (also note the full stop and comma after each author's name).
One author Brown, W. P. Two authors Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. Three to five authors Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., &Duchesne, S.Shepherd, R., Barnett, Six or seven authors J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J., Senior, V., & Walton, C. Eight or more authors Chiappini, E., Principi, N., Longhi, R., Tovo, P. A., Becherucci, P., Bonsignori, F., ... de Martino, M. Corporate / group Ministry of Education author No author Use Anonymous only if this is used in the publication.
Date
The year of publication goes in parentheses ( ) after the author(s).
Books and academic journals (1993)
Magazines and newspapers:
Monthly (1993, June) Daily, weekly (1993, June 12) No date (n.d.) In press (in press)
If an author has published more than one item in the same year, add lower case letters a, b, c etc. immediately after the year. The order is arranged alphabetically by title in the references list, but exclude 'A' or 'The' when it is the first word (Publication Manual, p. 182).
In text citation
As discussed by Lohan (2009b), it is inevitable... Lohan (2009a) also suggested that…
In reference list
Lohan, L. (2009a). Managerial behaviour and... The Journal of Information and…
Lohan, L. (2009b). A new perspective on ... New Zealand Journal of Management…
Title of the work
Titles of formally published materials (e.g. Books, Journals, DVDs) are italicised, with the first letter of the first word of the main title and the subtitle in capital letters. Proper nouns also begin with a capital letter.
Exception: Journal titles (including magazines and newspapers) are italicised and all key words in the journal title begin with a capital letter.
Publication Information
Publication Place
Give the location (city) of the publisher - give the first city listed only.
Exception: Place of publication is not required for journal, magazine or newspaper articles.
American cities Thousand Oaks, CA Hamilton, New Zealand Non-American cities London, England Non-American cities with a state Sydney, Australia
Publishers
Use the first publisher listed if multiple publishers are given.
Exception: Publishers are not required for journal, magazine or newspaper articles.
Additional information (e.g. Editions)
Information such as edition (excluding 1st edition) or report number goes in parentheses ( ) immediately after the title (Publication Manual, p. 186).
Jespersen, N. D., Brady, J. E., &Hyslop, A. (2012). The molecular nature of matter (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
A description of the work goes in square brackets [ ]afterthe title.
e.g. [DVD], [Poster], [Kindle DX version], [Powerpoint slides], [Letter to the editor] etc.
Christchurch Methodist Central Mission. (1984). Durham Street Church: 120 years anniversary brochure: 1864-1984 [Brochure]. Christchurch, New Zealand: Author.
Harvard is a style of referencing, primarily used by university students, to cite information sources.
Two types of citations are included:
In-text citations are used when directly quoting or paraphrasing a source. They are located in the body of the work and contain a fragment of the full citation.
Depending on the source type, some Harvard Reference in-text citations may look something like this:
"After that I lived like a young rajah in all the capitals of Europe…" (Fitzgerald, 2004).
Reference Lists are located at the end of the work and display full citations for sources used in the assignment.
Here is an example of a full citation for a book found in a Harvard Reference list:
Fitzgerald, F. (2004). The great Gatsby. New York: Scribner.
Reference lists are created to allow readers to locate original sources themselves. Each citation in a reference list includes various pieces of information including the:
Generally, Harvard Reference List citations follow this format:
Citations are listed in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. If there are multiple sources by the same author, then citations are listed in order by the date of publication.
Harvard Reference List Citations for Books with One Author
The structure for a Harvard Reference List citation for books with one author includes the following:
If the edition isn’t listed, it is safe to assume that it is the first addition, and does not need to be included in the citation.
Example: One author AND first edition:
Example: One author AND NOT the first edition
Harvard Reference List Citations for Books with Two or More Authors
When creating a citation that has more than one author, place the names in the order in which they appear on the source. Use the word “and” to separate the names.
Example:
* remember, when citing a book, only include the edition if it is NOT the first edition!
Harvard Reference List Citations for Chapters in Edited Books
When citing a chapter in an edited book, use the following format:
* When citing a chapter in an edited book, the edition is displayed, even when it is the first edition.
Harvard Reference List Citations for Multiple Works By The Same Author
When there are multiple works by the same author, place the citations in order by year. When sources are published in the same year, place them in alphabetical order by the title.
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Print Journal Articles
The standard structure of a print journal citation includes the following components:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Journal Articles Found on a Database or on a Website
When citing journal articles found on a database or through a website, include all of the components found in a citation of a print journal, but also include the medium ([online]), the website URL, and the date that the article was accessed.
Structure:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Print Newspaper Articles
When citing a newspaper, use the following structure:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Newspaper Articles Found on a Database or a Website
To cite a newspaper found either on a database or a website, use the following structure:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Print Magazines
When citing magazines, use the following structure:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Websites
When citing a website, use the following structure:
When no author is listed, use the following structure:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for eBooks and PDFs
When citing eBooks and PDFs, include the edition, even if it’s the first edition, and follow it with the type of resource in brackets (either [ebook] or [pdf]). Include the url at the end of the citation with the date it was accessed in brackets.
Use the following structure:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Archive Material
Archival materials are information sources that are used to provide evidence of past events. Archival materials are generally collected and housed by organizations, such as universities, libraries, repositories, or historical societies. Examples can include manuscripts, letters, diaries, or any other artifact that the organization decides to collect and house.
The structure for archival materials includes:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Artwork
To cite artwork, use the following structure:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Blogs
Blogs are regularly updated webpages that are generally run by an individual.
When citing a blog post, use the following format:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Broadcasts
To cite a radio or tv broadcast, use the following structure:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Conference Proceedings
Conference proceedings are academic papers or presentations that are created or used for the purpose of a meeting or conference.
Use the following structure to cite a conference proceeding:
If published online:
If not published online:
Example:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Dictionary Entry
When citing a dictionary entry in print, use the following structure:
When citing a dictionary entry found online, use the following structure:
**If no author/editor/or contributor is given, omit it from the citation. **If the publishing year is unavailable, use the abbreviation n.d., which stands for no date
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Dissertations
A dissertation is a lengthy paper or project, generally created as a requirement to obtain a doctoral degree. Use the following structure to create a citation for a dissertation:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for DVD, Video, and Film
When citing a DVD, Video, or Film, use the following format:
**The place of origin refers to the place where the dvd, film, or video was made. Eg: Hollywood **The film maker can be the director, studio, or main producer.
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Emails
Email citations use the following format:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Print Encyclopedia Articles
An encyclopedia is a book, or set of books, used to find information on a variety of subjects. Most encyclopedias are organized in alphabetical order. Use this format to cite an encyclopedia:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Government Publications
Government publications consist of documents that are issued by local, state, or federal governments, offices, or subdivisions. Use the following format to cite the government publications:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Interviews
When citing an interview, use the following format:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Music or Recordings
To cite a music piece or recording, use the following format:
When citing a music piece or recording found online, use the following structure:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Online Images or Videos
To cite an image or video found electronically, use the following structure:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Patents
When citing patents, use the following structure:
**It should be noted that even if the information is found online, no online information needs to be included.
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Podcasts
When citing a podcast, use the following format:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Presentations and Lectures
To cite a presentation or lecture, use the following structure:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Press Releases
When citing a press release in print, use the following format:
If found online, use the following format:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Religious Texts
To cite any type of religious text, such as the Bible, Torah, Quran, use the following format:Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Reports
When citing a report, use the following format:
Example:
Harvard Reference List Citations for Software
When citing software, use the following format:
Example:
Harvard In-Text Citations Overview
Students use in-text citations to indicate the specific parts of their paper that were paraphrased or quoted directly from a source. Each in-text citation generally displays the last name of the author and the year the source was published.
The in-text citation is usually located at the end of the quoted or paraphrased sentence.
In-Text Citations for One Author
The author’s last name and the year that the source was published are placed in the parentheses.
Example:
If the author’s name is already used in the body of the text, then students should exclude it from the in-text citation.
Example:
In-Text Citations for Two or Three Authors
When a source has two authors, place both authors’ names in the order in which they appear on the source, with the word and separating them.
Examples:
In-Text Citations for Four or More Authors
Only use the first listed author’s name in the in-text citation, followed by “et al.” and the publishing year.
Example:
Example:
In-Text Citations for Corporate Authors
Use the name of the organization in place of the author.
Example:
If the name of the organization is used in the text, place only the year in parentheses.
Example:
In-Text Citations for No Author
When an author’s name cannot be found, place the title of the text in the parentheses, followed by the publishing year.
Example:
When a date is not included in a source, simply omit that information from the in-text citation.
Example:
Introduction
This guide provides basic explanations and examples for the most common types of citations used by students. For additional information and examples, refer to the MLA Handbook.
Parenthetical references
Parenthetical documentation allows you to acknowledge a source within your text by providing a reference to exactly where in that source you found the information. The reader can then follow up on the complete reference listed on the Works Cited page at the end of your paper.
In text citation
In response to rapid metropolitan expansion, urban renewal projects sought "an order in which more significant kinds of conflict, more complex and intellectually stimulating kinds of disharmony, may take place" (Mumford 485).
(Winks and Kaiser 176) (Choko, Bourassa, and Baril 258-263)
(Baldwin et al. 306)
According to Postman, broadcast news influences the decision-making process (51-63).
Voice of the Shuttle has many electronic sources
Winston argues that "Rourke has lowered his defenses" (par. 29).
Landow admitted that there was "work to be done" (qtd. in Rogers 333).
Further examples and explanations are available in Chapter 6 of the MLA Handbook.
Works cited - General guidelines
The alphabetical list of works cited that appears at the end of your paper contains more information about all of the sources you've cited allowing readers to refer to them, as needed. The main characteristics are:
Works cited - Book with 1 author
Mumford, Lewis. The Culture of Cities. New York: Harcourt, 1938. Print.
Works cited - Book with 2 or 3 authors
Francis, R. Douglas, Richard Jones, and Donald B. Smith. Destinies: Canadian History since Confederation. Toronto: Harcourt, 2000. Print.
Works cited - Book with 4 or more authors
Baldwin, Richard et al. Economic Geography and Public Policy. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2003. Print.
Works cited - Two or more books by the same author
Replace the author's name by three hyphens and arrange alphabetically by the book's title:
Postman, Neil.Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business. New York: Viking, 1985. Print.
---.The Disappearance of Childhood. New York: Vintage, 1994. Print.
Works cited - Anthology or compilation
Abate, Corinne S., ed. Privacy, Domesticity, and Women in Early Modern England. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2003. Print.
Works cited - Work in an anthology or an essay in a book
Naremore, James. "Hitchcock at the Margins of Noir." Alfred Hitchcock: Centenary Essays. Ed. Richard Allen and S. Ishii-Gonzalès. London: BFI, 1999. 263-77. Print.
Works cited - Book by a corporate author
Associations, corporations, agencies and organizations are considered authors when there is no single author.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.Action against Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol and Beyond. Paris: OECD, 1999. Print.
Works cited - Article in a reference book or an entry in an encyclopedia
If the article/entry is signed, include the author's name; if unsigned, begin with the title of the entry Guignon, Charles B. "Existentialism." RoutledgeEncyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Edward Craig. 10 vols. London: Routledge, 1998. Print.
Works cited - Article reprinted in a reference book online
Carlson, Eric W. “The Range of Symbolism in Poetry.” The South Atlantic Quarterly 48.3 (1949): 442-52. Rpt. in Poetry Criticism. Ed. Jane Kelly Kosek and Christine Slovey. Vol. 13. Detroit: Gale, 1995. 83-84. Literature Criticism Online. Web. 18 Oct. 2009.
Works cited - A translation
Kafka, Franz. Metamorphosis. Trans. and Ed. Stanley Corngold. New York: Bantam, 1972. Print.
Works cited - A government publication
Canada. Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade.Freedom from Fear: Canada's Foreign Policy for Human Security. Ottawa: DFAIT, 2002. Print. United Nations. Dept. of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. Charting the Progress of Populations. New York: UN, 2000. Print.
Works cited - Book in a series
Bloom, Harold, ed. André Malraux. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. Print. Modern Critical Views.
Works cited - Article in a journal
Article retrieved in print/paper format:
Ferrer, Ada. "Cuba 1898: Rethinking Race, Nation, and Empire." Radical History Review 73 (1999): 22-49. Print. Man, Glenn K. S. "The Third Man: Pulp Fiction and Art Film." Literature Film Quarterly 21.3 (1993): 171-178. Print.
Article retrieved on the Web:
Sehmby, Dalbir S. "Wrestling and Popular Culture." CCLWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 4.1 (2002): n. pag. Web. 29 Mar. 2009.
Article retrieved in a library database:
Provide the same information as you would for a printed journal article and add the name of the database in italics, and indicate the publication medium as Web and the date of access. NOTE - If there are no page numbers, or if the page numbers for each article in a journal appear in a new sequence for each item rather than continuously across the entire issue, write n. pag. Brennan, Katherine Stern. "Culture in the Cities: Provincial Academies during the Early Years of Louis XIV's Reign." Canadian Journal of History 38.1 (2003): 19-42. CBCA Complete. Web. 29 Mar. 2004. Dussault, Marc and Bruce G. Barnett. "Peer-assisted Leadership: Reducing Educational Managers' Professional Isolation." Journal of Educational Administration 34.3 (1996): 5-14. ABI/INFORM Global. Web. 29 Mar. 2004. Heming, Li, Paul Waley, and Phil Rees. "Reservoir Resettlement in China: Past Experience and the Three Gorges Dam." The Geographical Journal 167.3 (2001): 195-212. Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 Mar. 2004.
Works cited - Article in a newspaper or magazine
Semenak, Susan. "Feeling Right at Home: Government Residence Eschews Traditional Rules." Montreal Gazette 28 Dec. 1995, Final Ed.: A4. Print. Driedger, Sharon Doyle. "After Divorce." Maclean's 20 Apr. 1998: 38-43. Print.
Works cited - An entire Web site
Linder, Douglas O. Famous Trials.Univ. of Missouri Kansas-City Law School, 2009. Web. 29 Apr. 2009.
Works cited - A page on a Web site
An entry for a nonperiodical item found on the Web contains the following: Last name, First name. "Document title if available." Title of the overall Web site.Version or edition if available.Publisher or N.p. to designate no publisher, publication date or n.d. to mean no date. Web. Date of access. If you cannot find some of this information, include only what is available. "Joyce Wieland." Celebrating Women's Achievements: Women Artists in Canada. National Library of Canada, 2000. Web. 29 Mar. 2004. Cassidy, Penny. "You Can't Read That." NBC New York. NBC Universal, 18 Apr. 2009. Web. 29 Apr. 2009.
Works cited - A review
Kirn, Walter. "The Wages of Righteousness." Rev. of Cloudsplitter, by Russell Banks.New York Times Book Review 22 Feb. 1998: 9. Print. Kauffmann, Stanley. "A New Spielberg." Rev of Schindler's List, dir. Steven Spielberg.New Republic 13 Dec. 1993: 30. Print.
Works cited - Television or radio program
"Scandal of the Century." Narr. Linden MacIntyre. The Fifth Estate. CBC Television. 23 Jan. 2002. Television.
Works cited - Sound recording
Ellington, Duke. "Black and Tan Fantasy." Music is My Mistress. Musicmasters, 1989. CD.
Works cited - Film, videorecording or DVD
The Shining. Dir. Stanley Kubrick.Perf. Jack Nicholson, Shelley Duvall.Warner Bros., 1980. Videocassette. Macbeth. Dir. Roman Polanski. Perf. Jon Finch, Francesca Annis, and Nicholas Selby. 1971. Columbia, 2002. DVD.
Works cited - Musical composition, published score
Beethoven, Ludwig van. Symphony no. 4 in B-flat major, op. 60. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2001. Print.
Works cited - Work of art, photographed, in a book
Cassatt, Mary. Mother and Child. 1890. Wichita Art Museum, Wichita. American Painting: 1560-1913. By John Pearce. New York: McGraw, 1964. Slide 22.
Introduction
A brief introduction to OSCOLA referencing and some help to get you started.
What is OSCOLA referencing?
The Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA) is the preferred referencing style used by the Bristol Law School and the Bristol Institute of Legal Practice. If you are a non-law student using legal materials, you may be required to use the UWE Harvard referencing standard. Please check with your personal tutor.
New to referencing?
If you're entirely new to referencing, read the introduction to referencing.
How OSCOLA works, in brief
Reference your sources of information in footnotes and a bibliography.
Footnotes
Example of footnotes
Microsoft Word has an inbuilt utility for inserting footnotes. See the Microsoft 2007 tutorial on inserting footnotes.
Bibliography
Example of a bibliography
Your bibliography should be laid out in three parts:
Your tutor may prefer that your tables of cases and legislation appear separately at the beginning of your work. Always check with your tutor which format you should follow.
Format references in the OSCOLA style
References in your footnotes and bibliography must be formatted in the OSCOLA style - eg, with correct use of italics, punctuation and brackets, and with all the required bibliographic information present and correctly ordered.
The OSCOLA guides (4th edition) are published - for free - by the University of Oxford's Law Faculty. They contain the definitive and authoritative guidance on how to format your references in the OSCOLA style.
In addition, UWE has supplied some extra guidance on sources of information not covered by the OSCOLA guide.
The Oxford Referencing style is a note citation system.It is also sometimes referred to as a documentary-note style. It has two components:
Please remember that there are many variations on the Oxford style of referencing. The examples presented in this guide are recommendations only. Always check your unit outline to determine any preferences. No matter which variations on this style you use, the most important thing is to be consistent throughout your assignment.
Glanville-Hicks was by no means the first to make this connection. The British Scholar Winnington-Ingram had come to a similar conclusion more than 20 years earlier, observing that 'in all probability [ancient] Greek music was closely related to that of the contemporary Orient ...'.
1R.P. Winnington-Ingram, Mode in Ancient Greek Music, London, Cambridge University Press, 1936, p. vii.
Johnson, A., Epidemology 1900-1945, London, Penguin Press, 2003
Johnson, A., Diseases and cures in the Midwest, London,Penguin Press, 2005
Reference list example [Journal Article]
Mintz, S., 'Food Enigmas, Colonial and Postcolonial', Gastronomica,vol. 10, no. 1, 2010, p. 149.
Kate L. Turabian'sManual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations presents two basic documentation systems: notes-bibliography style (or simply bibliography style) and author-date style (sometimes called reference list style). These styles are essentially the same as those presented in The Chicago Manual of Style, sixteenth edition, with slight modifications for the needs of student writers.
Bibliography style is used widely in literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in footnotes or endnotes and, usually, a bibliography.
The more concise author-date style has long been used in the physical, natural, and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in parentheses in the text by author's last name and date of publication. The parenthetical citations are amplified in a list of references, where full bibliographic information is provided.
Aside from the use of notes versus parenthetical references in the text, the two systems share a similar style. Click on the tabs below to see some common examples of materials cited in each style. For a more detailed description of the styles and numerous specific examples, see chapters 16 and 17 of the 8th edition of Turabian for bibliography style and chapters 18 and 19 for author-date style. If you are uncertain which style to use in a paper, consult your instructor.
Notes-Bibliography Style: Sample Citations
The following examples illustrate citations using notes-bibliography style. Examples of notes are followed by shortened versions of citations to the same source. For more details and many more examples, see chapters 16 and 17 of Turabian. For examples of the same citations using the author-date system, click on the Author-Date tab above.
Book
One author
Two or more authors
For four or more authors, list all of the authors in the bibliography; in the note, list only the first author, followed by "et al."("and others"):
Editor or translator instead of author
Editor or translator in addition to author
Chapter or other part of a book
Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book
Book published electronically
If a book is available in more than one format, cite the version you consulted. For books consulted online, include an access date and a URL. If you consulted the book in a library or commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead of a URL. If no fixed page numbers are available, you can include a section title or a chapter or other number.
Wilkerson, Isabel. The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration. New York: Vintage, 2010. Kindle. Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders' Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed October 15, 2011. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
Quinlan, Joseph P. The Last Economic Superpower: The Retreat of Globalization, the End of American Dominance, and What We Can Do about It. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Accessed December 8, 2012. ProQuestEbrary.
Journal article
In a note, list the specific page numbers consulted, if any. In the bibliography, list the page range for the whole article.
Article in a print journal
Article in an online journal
For a journal article consulted online, include an access date and a URL. For articles that include a DOI, form the URL by appending the DOI to http://dx.doi.org/ rather than using the URL in your address bar. The DOI for the article in the Brown example below is 10.1086/660696. If you consulted the article in a library or commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead.
Brown, Campbell. "Consequentialize This." Ethics 121, no. 4 (July 2011): 749-71. Accessed December 1, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660696. Kurylo, Anastacia. "Linsanity: The Construction of (Asian) Identity in an Online New York Knicks Basketball Forum." China Media Research 8, no. 4 (October 2012): 15-28. Accessed March 9, 2013. Academic OneFile.
Magazine article
Newspaper article
Newspaper articles may be cited in running text ("As Elisabeth Bumiller and Thom Shanker noted in a New York Times article on January 23, 2013, . . .") instead of in a note, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations.
Book review
Thesis or dissertation
Paper presented at a meeting or conference
Website
A citation to website content can often be limited to a mention in the text or in a note ("As of July 27, 2012, Google's privacy policy had been updated to include . . ."). If a more formal citation is desired, it may be styled as in the examples below. Because such content is subject to change, include an access date and, if available, a date that the site was last modified.
Blog entry or comment
Blog entries or comments may be cited in running text ("In a comment posted to The Becker-Posner Blog on February 16, 2012, . . .") instead of in a note, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations.
E-mail or text message
E-mail and text messages may be cited in running text ("In a text message to the author on July 21, 2012, John Doe revealed . . .") instead of in a note, and they are rarely listed in a bibliography. The following example shows the more formal version of a note.
Comment posted on a social networking service
Like e-mail and text messages, comments posted on a social networking service may be cited in running text ("In a message posted to her Twitter account on August 25, 2011, . . .") instead of in a note, and they are rarely listed in a bibliography. The following example shows the more formal version of a note.
The Vancouver Citation Style is one of the common citation systems used for medical journals. Being recognized as a parallel name for the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, the Vancouver Citation Style has the same format of the National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation.
The Vancouver referencing system is applicable in two places: in texts where researchers has borrowed a concept or information and at the end of the paper, where researchers list all the citation sources used for accomplishing their studies.
Reference List
References on the Reference List are numbered and are listed in the order in which they are originally referenced in the text.
Book—Single Author/Editor
Format:
Example:
Book—Multiple Authors/Editors (2-6 Authors)*
Format:
Example:
*If a book as more than six authors/editors, write “et al” after the sixth name.
Organizational Author
Format:
Example:
Chapter or Article within a Book
Format:
Example:
eBook
Format:
Example:
Note: In Vancouver style, journal titles are referenced in their National Library of Medicine abbreviated form. If the journal abbreviation is unlisted, please refer to the NLM Catalog: Journals referenced in the NCBI Databases.
Article from a Print Journal
Format:
Example:
Article from an Online Database
Format:
Example:
Article –ePub ahead of Print
Format:
Example:
Web Page
Format:
Example:
In-Text Citations
The Vancouver Citation style uses the corresponding numbers from the Reference List at the end of the paper to document in-text citations. If, in your text, you cite a piece of work more than once, the same citation number should be used. You can write the number in brackets or as superscript.
Citing one author
Example: Recent research (1) indicates that the number of duplicate papers being published is increasing.
or
Recent research1 indicates that the number of duplicate papers being published is increasing.
Citing more than one piece of work at the same time
If you want to cite several pieces of work in the same sentence, you will need to include the citation number for each piece of work. A hyphen should be used to link numbers which are inclusive, and a comma used where numbers are not consecutive. The following is an example where works 6, 7, 8, 9, 13 and 15 have been cited in the same place in the text.
Example: Several studies (6–9, 13, 15) have examined the effect of congestion charging in urban areas.
Citing the author’s name in your text
You can use the author’s name in your text, but you must insert the citation number as well.
Example: As emphasised by Watkins (2) carers of diabetes sufferers ‘require perseverance and an understanding of humanity’ (p.1).
Citing more than one author’s name in your text
If a work has more than one author and you want to cite author names in your text, use ‘et al’ after the first author.
Example: Simons et al (3) state that the principle of effective stress is ‘imperfectly known and understood by many practising engineers’ (p.4).
Citing works by the same author written in the same year
If you cite a new work which has the same author and was written in the same year as an earlier citation, each work will have a different number.
Example: Communication of science in the media has increasingly come under focus, particularly where reporting of facts and research is inaccurate (4, 5).
Citing from works with no obvious author
If you need to cite a piece of work which does not have an obvious author, you should use what is called a ‘corporate’ author. For example, many online works will not have individually named authors, and in many cases the author will be an organisation or company. Using the Vancouver style you don’t have to include the author in your citation in the text of your work, but you still need to include an author in the full reference at the end of your work. The citation to a work written by a ‘corporate’ author could appear in your text as:
Example: The Department of Health (6) advocates a national strategy for creating a framework to drive improvements in dementia services.
or
A national strategy is creating a framework to drive improvements in dementia services (6).
If you are unable to find either a named or corporate author, you should use ‘Anon’ as the author name. Be careful: if you cannot find an author for online work, it is not a good idea to use this work as part of your research. It is essential that you know where a piece of work has originated, because you need to be sure of the quality and reliability of any information you use.
Citing from chapters written by different authors
Some books may contain chapters written by different authors. When citing work from such a book, the author who wrote the chapter should be cited, not the editor of the book.
Secondary referencing
Secondary references are when an author refers to another author’s work and the primary source is not available. When citing such work the author of the primary source and the author of the work it was cited in should be used.
Example: According to Colluzzi and Pappagallo as cited by Holding et al (7) most patients given opiates do not become addicted to such drugs.
You are advised that secondary referencing should be avoided wherever possible and you should always try to find the original work. If it is not possible to obtain the original work, please note that you reference the secondary source not the primary source. Only reference the source that you have used.
Citing a direct quotation
If a direct quote from a book, article, etc., is used you must:
Example: Simons et al (3) state that the principle of effective stress is ‘imperfectly known and understood by many practising engineers’ (p.4).
Citing an image / illustration / table / diagram / photograph / figure / picture
You should provide an in-text citation for any images, illustrations, photographs, diagrams, tables, figures or pictures that you reproduce in your work, and provide a full reference as with any other type of work. They should be treated as direct quotes in that the author(s) should be acknowledged and page numbers shown; both in your text where the diagram is discussed or introduced, and in the caption you write for it.
In-text citation:
Example: Table illustrating checklist of information for common sources (8: p.22).
or
‘Geological map of the easternmost region of São Nicolau’ (9: p.532).
Citing from multimedia works
If you need to cite a multimedia work, you would usually use the title of the TV programme (including online broadcasts) or video recording, or title of the film (whether on DVD, online, or video) as the author. If a video is posted on YouTube or other video-streaming web services then you should reference the person that uploaded the video (note this might be a username). Using the Vancouver style, you don’t have to include the author in your citation in the text of your work, but you still need to include the author of the work in your reference list at the end of your work.
Citing from an interview or personal communication
Always use the surname of the interviewee / practitioner as the author.
Tips on good quotation practice
Quotations longer than two lines should be inserted as a separate, indented paragraph.
Example: Smith (7) summarises the importance of mathematics to society and the knowledge economy, stating that:
‘Mathematics provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for abstraction, generalization and synthesis. It is the language of science and technology. It enables us to probe the natural universe and to develop new technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and change societal expectations and standards of living.’ (p.11)
or
A recent UK report (7) summarised the importance of mathematics to society and the knowledge economy, stating that:
‘Mathematics provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for abstraction, generalization and synthesis. It is the language of science and technology. It enables us to probe the natural universe and to develop new technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and change societal expectations and standards of living.’ (p.11)
If you want to insert a long quotation (over two lines) but do not to want include all of the text, you can remove the unnecessary text and replace with ‘...’.
As summarised by Smith (7):
‘Mathematics provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for abstraction, generalization and synthesis ... It enables us to probe the natural universe and to develop new technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and change societal expectations and standards of living.’ (p.11)
You should only do this when you use a quotation taken from one paragraph.
When you use quotations within your text, sometimes you may want to insert one or two words in the quotation so that your complete sentence is grammatically correct. To indicate that you have inserted words into a quotation, these have to be enclosed in square brackets.A hub for best essay distratn and assignment writing
Smith (7) provides a number of reasons as to why mathematics is important, stating that it is ‘a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for abstraction, generalization and synthesis ... [and] enables us to probe the natural universe and to develop new technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and change societal expectations and standards of living.’ (p.11)
Originates from the University of Chicago, the Chicago referencing style is considered as a standard system for acknowledging source materials and producing publications. Generally, the Chicago style encompasses two types of documentation process:
Footnotes
Formatting citations in footnotes
Punctuation, spacing and the order of elements in the citation are important, and examples should be followed carefully. Notice for instance:
How to Create Footnotes
Numbered markers in the text may be created using the footnote function of word processing software.
Citing Example:
"Ultimately we will learn more about some of the celebrated events in Australian history if we turn to the old almanacs and their tables of the moon."1
Footnote: 1. Geoffrey Blainey, Black Kettle and Full Moon: Daily Life in a Vanished Australia (Penguin/Viking: Melbourne, 2003), 7.
Subsequent Note entry: 5. Blainey, Black Kettle, 11.
Reference list
Formatting citations in the bibliography
The format of citations in the bibliography is similar to that used in the full footnote citation. However, the following differences are important.
How to Create a Bibliography
Your bibliography should document all the works you consulted in preparing your essay, whether you cited them directly, or not.
Entries should be listed alphabetically by the first author's surname or family name. If there is no named author, list by the first word in the work's title, ignoring 'A', 'An' or 'The'.
Punctuation
Given below are some common citation types in Chicago referencing style along with appropriate examples:
Book with one author
Example:Thelen, Kathleen. How Institutions Evolve: The Political Economy of Skills in Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Example:1. Kathleen Thelen, How Institutions Evolve: The Political Economy of Skills in Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 271.
Book with two authors
Example:Gourevitch, Peter and James Shinn. Political Power and Corporate Control: The New Global Politics of Corporate Governance. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2005.
Example:2. Peter Gourevitch and James Shinn, Political Power and Corporate Control: The New Global Politics of Corporate Governance (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2005), 200.
Book with more than three authors
For more than three authors, list all of the authors in the bibliography; in the footnote, list only the first author, followed by et al. (“and others”).
Example: 3. Camilla de La Bédoyère et al., A Brief History of Art (London: Flame Tree Publishing, 2006), 101.
Book with a corporate author
Example: World Bank. Strategies for Sustainable Financing of Secondary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2008.
Example: 4. World Bank, Strategies for Sustainable Financing of Secondary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2008), 11.
Book with an editor
Example: Colhoun, Craig and Brian S. Turner, eds. The Sage Handbook of Sociology. London: Sage, 2005.
Example: 5. Craig Colhoun and Brian S. Turner, eds, The Sage Handbook of Sociology (London: Sage, 2005).
Chapter in an edited book
Example: Sheringham, Michael. “Archiving.” In Restless Cities, edited by Matthew Beaumont and Gregory Dart, 10-24. London: Verso, 2010.
Example: 6. Michael Sheringham, “Archiving,” in Restless Cities, ed. Matthew Beaumont and Gregory Dart (London: Verson, 2010), 9.
Print Journal article
Example: Barber, Marcus. “Global Warming and the Political Ecology of Health: Emerging Crises and Systemic Solutions.” The Australian Journal of Anthropology 21, no. 3 (2010): 390 – 391.
Example: 7. Marcus Barber, “Global Warming and the Political Ecology of Health: Emerging Crises and Systemic Solutions,” The Australian Journal of Anthropology 21, no. 3 (2010): 390.
Online-journal articleYou should include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if available to you. This is a permanent link that will always lead to the source. If this is not listed in your source, use the URL instead. You are recommended to include an access date if it is recommended by your School, Discipline or Publisher.
Example: Mulvin, Lynda and Steven E. Sidebotham. "Roman Game Boards from Abu Sha'ar (Red Sea Coast, Egypt)." Antiquity 78, no. 301 (2004): 602-617. Accessed May 27, 2013. url: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=14595148&site=ehost-live.
Without accessed date: Stern, Eliyahu. “Genius and Demographics in Modern Jewish History.” Jewish Quarterly Review 101 (Summer 2011): 347-382, doi: 10.1353/jqr.2011.0022.
Example: 8. Lynda Mulvin and Steven E. Sidebotham. “Roman Game Boards from Abu Sha'ar (Red Sea Coast, Egypt),” Antiquity 78, no. 301 (2004): 604, accessed May 27, 2013, url: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=14595148&site=ehost-live.
Without accessed date: 8. Eliyahu Stern, “Genius and Demographics in Modern Jewish History,” Jewish Quarterly Review 101 (Summer 2011): 355, doi:10.1353/jqr.2011.0022.
Print Newspaper article
Example: Oliver, Emmet. "Aer Lingus to Strengthen Fleet." Irish Times, February 10, 2006.
Example: 9. Emmet Oliver, "Aer Lingus to Strengthen Fleet," Irish Times, Febr uary 10, 2006, 14.
Online Newspaper article
Example: Kelly, Morgan. “Burden of Irish Debt Could Yet Eclipse that of Greece.” Irish Times, May 22, 2010. Accessed May 4, 2011. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2010/0522/1224270888132.html.
Example: Morgan Kelly, “Burden of Irish Debt Could Yet Eclipse that of Greece.” Irish Times, May 22, 2010, accessed May 4, 2011, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2010/0522/1224270888132.html.
Website/ page on a website
Example: “Google Privacy Policy.” Google. Last modified March 11, 2009. http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacy/
Example: 10. “Google Privacy Policy,” Google, Last modified March 11, 2009, http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacy/
Blog
Generally, blog entries and comments are cited only as notes.
Example: 11. Brendan Walsh, "Lorenzo Bini Smaghi on the Impact of Basel III," Irish Economy, April 2, 2011, http://www.irisheconomy.ie/index.php/2011/04/02/lorenzo-bini-smaghi-on-the-impact-of-basel-iii/.
Unpublished interviews and personal communications are cited only as notes.
Example: 12. Mike Forrester, e-mail message to author, January 20, 2011.
InterviewsUnpublished interviews and personal communications are cited only as notes
Example: 13. Mark Jones, interview by Paul Scott, April 15, 2009.
Government agency publication
Example: U.S. Department of the Interior. Minerals Management Service. An Oilspill Risk Analysis for the Central Gulf and Western Gulf of Mexico, by Robert P. La Belle. Open-file report 83-119, U.S. Geological Survey. Denver, 1983.
Example: 14. U.S. Department of the Interior, An Oilspill Risk Analysis for the Central Gulf and Western Gulf of Mexico (Denver, Colo.: U.S. Geological Survey, 1983), 10.
Parliamentary and legal material
Example: Canada. Ottawa. C-34, Agricultural Marketing Programs Act. 2d session, 35th Parliament, 1997. Assented to 25 April 1997, Statutes of Canada 1997, c. 20.
Example: 15. Bill C-34, Agricultural Marketing Programs Act, 2d sess., 35th Parliament, 1997 (assented to 25 April 1997), Statutes of Canada 1997, c. 20
EU publications
Example: European Union. European Parliament. The Impact of German Unification on the European Community. Working Document No.1. Brussels, 1990.
Example: 16. European Parliament, The Impact of German Unification on the European Community (Brussels: European Union, 1990), 20.
Conferences
Example: Balado, Félix. "On the Shannon Capacity of DNA Data Embedding." In Proceedings of 2010 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Dalls, March 14-19, 2010. Dallas: IEEE, 2010.
Example: 17. Félix Balado, "On the Shannon Capacity of DNA Data Embedding," in Proceedings of 2010 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Dalls, March 14-19, 2010 (Dallas: IEEE, 2010), 22.
Theses
Example: Feeney, Thomas "Seán MacEntee and the Development of Public Policy in Independent Ireland." PhD thesis, University College Dublin, Ireland, 2005.
Example: 18. Thomas Feeney, "Seán MacEntee and the Development of Public Policy in Independent Ireland" (PhD thesis, University College Dublin, Ireland, 2005), 30.
Audio-visual material
Example: The Third Man. Directed by Carol Reed. 1949. London: Optimum, 2006. DVD.
Footnote: #. Title of Work, directed/performed by First name Last name (original release year; City: Studio/Distributor, Format release year.), Format.
Electronic Books
If a book is available in print and online you must cite the version of book you consulted for your work. You are recommended to include an access date if it is recommended by your School, Discipline or Publisher.
Example: Beaumont, Lesley A. Childhood in ancient Athens: iconography and social history. London: Routledge, 2012. Accessed May 27, 2013. http://lib.myilibrary.com/Open.aspx?id=428492
Example: 20. Lesley A. Beaumont, Childhood in ancient Athens: iconography and social history (London: Routledge, 2012), accessed May 27, 2013. http://lib.myilibrary.com/Open.aspx?id=428492
EndNote
EndNote is a software application that allows researchers store and manage all references in one place. It is available via Software for U and the Library runs regular introductory and advanced training sessions.
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